50 pages • 1 hour read
Julia AlvarezA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide reproduces racial slurs used in the source text only in quotations. This section of the guide also discusses numerous sexual taboos, including incest and sexual relations between adults and minors.
Yolanda has been away from the Dominican Republic and the family compound for five years. While her family believes she is just visiting, she is not certain she will be returning to the United States this time. As the family gathers together at the compound, Yolanda realizes that everybody will look at her like she has let herself go. Among those gathered are Yolanda’s aunts and cousins. Yolanda wants to go up north to gather guavas, but her family will not let her go without a male escort. There are possible guerillas around, and the family has private security at their compound. Yolanda wonders if perhaps a life of tradition in the Dominican Republic would suit her better than a life of freedom in the United States.
As she goes in search of the fruits, Yolanda stops at a small village and meets some children. They all get into her car and go gather guavas with her. As she heads back, she remembers all the warnings her aunts gave her before heading out, and she begins to fear for her safety. Her car gets a flat tire, and one of the children, Jose, goes to get help. Meanwhile, two men carrying machetes appear. She is nervous at first, but they change her tire without incident. Afterward, Yolanda sees Jose. He has been hit because the guardia told him he was lying about the flat tire, believing no woman with a car would be out at that time.
The four Garcia daughters are gathered for their father’s birthday. Every year, he insists that his daughters come to celebrate with him without their husbands. During the party, the father typically gives each of his daughters an envelope of money. The girls wonder where their father gets it. This year, it is the father’s 70th birthday, and he mentions that the revolution in their home country has failed. Instead of taking place at the apartment Carlos shares with Laura, the party is at Sofia’s house, and the husbands and children are present.
Sofia had not been on speaking terms with her father since she ran away with her husband, but she has now given birth to the first son in the family in generations, and she names him Carlos after her father. During a past encounter with her father, Sofia was frustrated because her father was doting on her son much more than their daughter, and she asked her husband, Otto, to make her father stop. Sofia and her father have always had a difficult relationship, and her father believes “every woman’s character could use extra scolding” (28).
The relationship between Sofia and Otto initially caused Sofia’s father much consternation when he found love letters written between the two that intimated a sexual relationship. He became furious, calling her a “whore” and accusing her of ruining his good name. Sofia packed her bags and did not return to her family home. She went to Germany to reunite with Otto, a chemist she met when they were both in Colombia. The two married, had their first baby, and moved to Michigan.
When Sofia’s daughter was born, Sofia’s mother insisted on going to see her, and her father agreed to go with her. Still, he has refused to go into her home until now, his 70th birthday and baby Carlos’s christening. Sofia goes out of her way to make the party extravagant to get her father’s attention. The father becomes increasingly withdrawn as the party goes on because he realizes that everyone there will outlive him and that their lives will go on even after his death. They all play a game where the girls kiss the father, and he has to guess who the kisser is. Sofia becomes irritated that her father never guesses her, and she gives him “a wet, open-mouthed kiss in his ear” (39). This makes the father ashamed, and the party is over.
When the sisters were little, their mother used to dress them all the same, in miniature versions of her own outfits. Sometimes her husband called them the five girls. Laura assigned each daughter her own color: yellow, blue, pink, and white. Their belongings were all in their assigned colors, too. The sisters do not remember this fondly. The mother tells a specific story about each girl at gatherings and parties. Carla’s story is about sneakers, because as a child, Carla really wanted red sneakers. When the mother managed to procure a pair of white sneakers, Carla rejected them. Later, she found Carla and the father painting the sneakers red with nail polish.
The girls’ mother attends one of Yolanda’s poetry readings and unknowingly sits beside Yolanda’s lover, Clive, with whom she shares details about her family. Yolanda is the third oldest and has been divorced once. She is a literature instructor at a college, but she always wanted to be a poet. Yolanda does not like her family pet name, Yoyo, but her mother explains that with four daughters, she occasionally needed to take short cuts. Carla is a psychoanalyst who is on her second marriage, and Sandra uses drugs to manage her weight. Sofia has just settled down with Otto. The third-person narrator explains that the sisters had been rather wild at times.
The last story the mother told about Sandra was to Sandra’s psychologist as she was having Sandra committed to a psychiatric hospital. The mother explained that Sandra stopped eating, and the doctor explained that Sandra had a “breakdown.” Sandra wanted to look like the thin models she saw. After Sandra went to graduate school, her parents got a call that she was in the hospital, and all she would do was read. Sandra would not eat or do anything else because she believed that she had to consume all the books before she stopped being human. She believed she was turning into a monkey and that the only human part of her left was her brain. She thought the books might somehow stay with her and help her remember being human. Sanda also stopped eating meat, and she believed that evolution was going backward and that people were becoming animals again. She made animal sounds.
A week later, everyone gathers at Sofia’s house for Christmas. Sandra has been released from the hospital, and the sisters talk about how Yolanda’s lover has gone back to his wife and about how Yolanda does not want to be called Yo. Sandra is dating a man she met in the hospital. Sofia is upset to hear that her mother said she met Otto in Peru because she has never even been there.
The first chapters establish the novel’s structure, which is presented in reverse chronological order, starting in the year 1989. At this point, the reader does not know anything that has happened to the family or Yolanda, who has just returned to the Dominican Republic and isn’t sure she will leave again. The reader never learns whether Yolanda will stay in the Dominican Republic because the story does not advance into the future; rather, it moves backward in time, slowly exposing all that has happened to bring Yolanda back to the Dominican Republic and where she is in the present.
The reader is also unaware of the Dominican values Yoyo both accepted and rejected while growing up away from the country, though the narrative slowly exposes these through Yolanda’s concerns about her appearance and her female relatives’ admonishments about safety on in the Dominican Republic. When Jose and Yolanda go to gather guavas, Jose is punished for Yolanda’s choice. He decides to get help when she gets a flat tire to save her from having to trek out, but she gets help on her own when two men come to her. Jose does not fare as well because he is beaten for insinuating that a woman would be out that late at night alone. Her desire to get guavas unfortunately results in people being hurt. This foreshadows incidents in later chapters in which the Garcia girls’ decisions result in others getting in trouble.
Names and identity receive some focus in this section. In the early chapters, the text often refers to the Garcia girls simply as “the daughters,” and their father is referred to as “the father.” The impersonal definite article “the” is notable because it removes the focus from their individual identities, introducing The Difficulties of Forging a Self-Identity as a key theme in the novel. Laura also uses pet names with her daughters, such as Yoyo and Fifi, which Yolanda, in particular, dislikes. Much of this novel is about identity, as the entire family has to navigate the change from the wealth and privilege they experienced in the comparatively controlling society in the Dominican Republic to the lower status they experience in the freer United States. When the author avoids using the characters’ names in the most recent chapters, she highlights the lack of concrete identity they still experience.
Sandra’s difficulties with an apparent eating disorder symbolize the way in which she struggles to find her way in the world. Her mother says that she wants to become thin to be like the models in magazines, demonstrating her desire to fit in with the dominant culture in the United States. The fact that she believes she is becoming a monkey, however, shows that she does not believe she is moving in the right direction. Instead of becoming ever more aware and capable, she fears she is becoming less so. She tries to latch onto others’ words, through books, to maintain her own humanity. While the novel deconstructs the situations that made the Garcia girls who they are, Sandra feels as if she is falling backward.
The father’s insistence on having his birthday parties without his sons-in-law demonstrates his perpetuation of The Oppression of Machismo and Patriarchal Culture that he grew up with. This is a culture that is explored in depth in later chapters as the girls go through adolescence. Here, however, the father does not want to have to compete with the younger men. He wants the five women in his family all to himself. While questions are raised as to whether the father ever wanted a son, he always maintains that he likes having his five girls: his four daughters and his wife. He likes being the male leader of many women, reflecting the dominant culture in his home society.
The first section also foreshadows the later import of The Ways Sexuality Breaches Innocence, a key theme in chapters about the daughters’ childhoods. The father has great difficulty dealing even with his adult daughters’ sexuality, demonstrated both in his reaction to the letters he finds and in his daughter’s decision to kiss him in his ear. As explained later in the novel, Dominican men are expected to protect the women in their family from the sexual advances of other men. It is, therefore, very important to Carlos that his daughters don’t have sex before marriage, and when he is confronted with information to the contrary, he is concerned about his own good name. For him, his daughters’ sexuality is a direct reflection of himself and his honor, and he cannot bear this insult and carries it with him. Sofia understands her father’s discomfort, and her suggestive kiss in the ear is intended to shame him. There are numerous instances in the novel where sexual acts either teeter on or fully violate social mores, and this is the first case where a sexual act hints at something taboo.
By Julia Alvarez