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Tim O'BrienA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The chapter starts with a letter from Erik. He reflects on he and O’Brien’s divergent fates in Vietnam: O'Brien is in the infantry, and Erik has a job in the rear. Along with nearly everyone else in Alpha Company, O'Brien longs for a job in the rear, far away from the fighting. He contrasts this wish with the "dreamy, faraway thoughts about returning home" (172).Unlike the fantasy of going home early, a job in the rear—a ticket to a safe tour of duty—is "right there, within grasp" (172), but it eludes O'Brien. In early August, he takes a three-day leave Smith has granted him, and he uses it trying to scare up a job in the rear. His search is fruitless.
The main way to get such a job is through a connection to an officer. O'Brien notes this leaves the black soldiers mostly out of luck, since "the officer corps is dominated by white men" (173). O'Brien's analysis is that the black soldiers, watching jobs handed out to other white men, withdraw: "They sulk. They talk back, get angry" (173). The officers in turn complain about their insubordination and continue to give the jobs to white soldiers.
The company spends "most of August on top of a stubby, flat hill to the north of Pinkville" (176). They are attacked with mortars nightly. Resupply brings meals every day, so they live in comfort, with cold beer and hot meals, but they are still under fire. Later in August, they are helicoptered to a different hill. Here, there are no nightly mortar attacks, and "it turn[s] into a vacation" (178). O'Brien receives word he has finally gotten a rear job as a typist in battalion headquarters. A helicopter lifts him away from the fighting.
O'Brien arrives at his job in the rear, at LZ Gator. He now works for battalion headquarters, doing bureaucratic tasks: processing new soldiers in when they arrive, and filling out paperwork about the soldiers who die. The work is dull, but O'Brien finds monotony a step up from the terror of the battlefield.
Thanksgiving and Christmas pass at LZ Gator. There are special meals for the holidays, and frequently there are floor shows. The floor shows always conclude with a stripper, who is either a Korean, Japanese, or Australian woman. O'Brien observes black soldiers show up early for the floor shows and take the front seats. Some white soldiers push back, but the black soldiers persevere. O'Brien and his co-worker, Bates, eventually swear off attending the floor shows. They find the strip tease frustrating; the men howl for the dancer to undress completely, but she never does.
There is nighttime guard duty at LZ Gator, but O'Brien is exempt because he works for battalion headquarters. At night, he has time to read, write letters, and write a book. He goes on R&R (the Army acronym for "rest and relaxation") to Sydney, Australia. There, a woman working in an official capacity brokers a date for him. O'Brien finds the woman nice, the entertainment better (jazz singer Buddy Greco), and the "warm feelings [and] cordialities" of the nightclub best of all (185). But returning to the war is a letdown, similar to the frustration of the floor shows.
Erik writes to O'Brien to say he is nearing the end of his tour. He wishes he and O'Brien would take the same airplane back to the United States. He recounts a sight that sickens him. He saw a junior officer kick a Vietnamese woman. Erik did nothing, so he calls himself "the peeping tom of this army" (186). He also compares himself to a Roman centurion who looks on passively at the Crucifixion. He extends the comparison: "Is it only that Christ is become a yellow-skinned harlot, a Sunday-morning short-time girl?" (186). O'Brien settles down to wait out his tour of duty, "with letters and Scotch whiskey and with a comfortable but confining blanket of rear-area security" (186).
O'Brien describes a conversation between a captain and a "Chieu Hoi" (187). The South Vietnamese government ran what it called the Chiêu Hồi Program, which can be translated as Operation Open Arms. The idea was to use propaganda to convince Viet Cong guerilla fighters to defect and work for the government of South Vietnam. These former Viet Cong are then called, informally, the Chieu Hoi.
This Chieu Hoi asks for a three-day pass because his child is sick. His request is treated with scorn and derision. He is suspected of lying, or, if he is not lying, then his request is unacceptable because his work is critical to the mission: "You've got knowledge we GIs haven't—all about mines and booby traps" (187-88).
The argument grows heated. The American captain accuses the Chieu Hoi of slacking: "This here's your goddamn war […][y]ou've got to sacrifice too" (188). The Chieu Hoi has another perspective: "You are here for one year. I've been in war for many billions of years" (188). He adds that the soldiers in Charlie Company don't like him, because "I'm Chieu Hoi, old VC" (188). The argument is a draw. Soon afterward, the Chieu Hoi goes AWOL.
The title of Chapter 19, "Dulce et Decorum," has two sources: the Roman poet Horace (65-8 BCE), and the 20th-century English poet Wilfrid Owen. Owen wrote an anti-war poem around the time of World War I, titled "Dulce et decorum est," alluding to a line by Horace: “Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,” or, “It is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.” Owen's poem offers terrifying images of the reality of dying from poison gas in World War I. Thus, Owen casts doubt on whether such a death is either sweet or fitting.
If I Die in a Combat Zone records deaths that could be called blunders. The accidental quality of deaths seems to deprive the dead of glory. For example, in Chapter 19, O'Brien recalls a soldier who "went fishing with hand grenades," tossing them into the water and scooping up the dead or stunned fish (167). But one of the grenades "blew his belly away" (167). The soldier, Peterson, dies an inglorious death, of no help whatsoever to his country.
With his new job far from the fighting, O'Brien comes into contact with women—sort of. The women are distant, mediated, and slightly unreal. For example, O'Brien watches the striptease in the floor shows brought in to entertain the soldiers. The striptease offers up the allure of sexuality without any sex, and even without full nudity. It is remarkably chaste, and in contrast to the prostitution that was prevalent around American GIs in the Vietnam War. The 1974 Vietnam War documentary Hearts and Minds depicts American soldiers having sex with prostitutes. In Chapter 22, one of the vices Callicles wants to wipe out is prostitution: "A whorehouse flourished at the foot of LZ Gator" (191).Not only does O'Brien apparently forgo such entertainments, he does not describe anyone else doing so. Even though he is not on a rampage to clean up American soldiers, the way Major Callicles is in Chapter 22, O'Brien appears to have his own sense of what is "dulce et decorum" for a war book, and visiting prostitutes is not part of that.
Chapter 21 is titled "Hearts and Minds." Here, O’Brien is referring to the policy of the United States in the Vietnam War, and that the aim of the conduct of war was supposedly to win over the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people. Chapter 21 shows the utter failure of this program. The Chieu Hoi should be the poster boy for hearts and minds; he is someone the propaganda worked on, causing him to switch sides. But the American officer arguing with the Chieu Hoi relates to him as a distant, racialized other, not as a comrade in arms. The Chieu Hoi goes AWOL, proving the failure of the program.
By Tim O'Brien