57 pages • 1 hour read
Sarah WinmanA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
By 1960, Europe has gained economic momentum. Several post-war legislations, such as the Marshall Plan, have enlivened Italy’s economy, giving people hope for the future. Massimo and Cress discuss all the cultural and economic changes of the last decade, like access to television, automobiles, washing machines, and refrigerators.
Things have also changed for the characters in the novel. Alys is now 14 and grappling with her newfound sexuality; she is interested in girls but is worried about telling anyone. Because of this, a new distance has grown between her and Ulysses. Meanwhile, Peggy is a housewife who now barely communicates with Ulysses and Alys. Alys often goes to England to visit Peggy, but the visits are tense because of Ted.
Pete, Massimo, Cress, and Ulysses admire Alys as she plays guitar on the street. A crowd listens and gives her money. Alys looks around for her secret girlfriend, Romy, an American girl she met at the movie theater. Cress knows that Alys is in love with Romy, but Alys hasn’t told anyone that she is a lesbian. Meanwhile, Cress and Signora Mimmi, whose first name is Paola, have been dating for years. This relationship fills Cress with joy.
Finally, Alys tells Ulysses that she’s fallen in love with a girl, and he readily accepts this. Around this time, Peggy calls Ulysses. He tells her Alys is in love with a girl, and Peggy is relieved that Alys won’t get pregnant.
In March, the swallows return, as do the guests of the pensione. Alys tells Romy she loves her, but Romy doesn’t say it back. Instead, Romy invites Alys to sneak away to her father’s friend’s empty villa outside of the city. Alys relishes the time with Romy in the countryside but is puzzled that, when they’re having conversations or are in public together, she doesn’t really like Romy. They meet an American college boy whom Romy thinks is “perfect,” the type of man she says she’d like to marry. Alys feels ashamed for thinking that Romy might want Alys over a man.
Meanwhile, Romy’s father is injured by a falling chandelier. When Romy’s mother looks for Romy to tell her the news, both she and Ulysses discover that the girls have run off together. Ulysses tries not to worry, understanding that he and Peggy also ran off for secret trysts during their youth. However, nobody knows where Alys is. Meanwhile, Alys leaves Romy in the villa in the middle of the night, disappointed that a boy will certainly get in between them. Romy’s mother figures out that Romy has stolen the keys to the villa, so she calls Cress, who promises to go and pick them up. Alys also calls Cress, asking him to pick her up.
When Alys returns to Florence, she sobs over Romy, even though she can no longer remember what she liked about Romy in the first place. Romy’s parents decide to get a divorce, so Romy moves back to the United States. Before she leaves, she sends Alys a note. Cress believes they’ll certainly see Alys again.
Alys visits her mother in London, but Peggy gets too drunk and shames Alys when she tells her to find a boyfriend. Alys doesn’t tell Ulysses about this, or about Peggy peeing the bed. She simply tells Ulysses that Peggy seems older.
In August, Ulysses, Cress, and Alys visit Massimo in Giglio. Ulysses and Alys discuss love, and he encourages her to believe that love will come into her life again. Massimo tells Alys that there are other people in the world “like them” and advises her to leave Italy to find that community.
Back in Florence, Ulysses turns 40. Ulysses has tried to keep his attraction to Giulia under control for years, but they finally kiss.
In 1962, Alys is 17 years old. She moves to London to work in Col’s pub and go to art school. Alys attends one of Evelyn’s art lectures.
In Italy, in 1963, Cress’s girlfriend, Paola, suddenly dies. Cress is devastated, and Ulysses takes up more work in the pensione to give Cress time to grieve. Cress takes comfort in his citrus tree but still struggles with the loss. Col, Pete, and Peggy surprise Ulysses and Cress with an unannounced visit to Florence. Peggy sleeps in Alys’s room and stares with longing at the photograph of Eddie: Peggy realizes that she’s given up on all her former dreams and Alys’s resemblance to Eddie makes her feel bitter. She envies Alys’s youth as well, so she keeps Alys at a distance so as not to destroy what little of a relationship they have. Ulysses asks Peggy how she managed to leave England without Ted, but Peggy doesn’t answer. Instead, she and Ulysses have sex.
Ulysses leaves one day without telling anyone where he’s going. Cress tells their guests that Ulysses does this once a year. When Ulysses returns, Peggy notices he’s taciturn. She sleeps with him and asks him if he leaves to go see a woman, which he doesn’t.
In 1966, Cress wins two incredible sports bets: one on England winning the World Cup and another on an unlikely athlete in the Olympics. That year, Alys turns 21 and moves back to Florence.
Chapters 5 and 6 show the growth of Europe in the post-war years. This section begins in 1960, when enough years have passed that countries like Italy can see their nations rebuilding after the destruction of World War II. The Marshall Plan is an important factor here: In 1948, US President Truman signed the Economic Recovery Act, known as the Marshall Plan, which proposed that the United States provide economic aid to European countries rebuilding their infrastructure after the war. The Marshall Plan enabled the United States to become a world power, making countries reliant on their support. The characters’ relationships with sexuality and romance develop in these chapters as well, and the overall tone is of growth and hope.
In this section, Alys starts her journey into young adulthood. Because Alys lacks a maternal role figure, she doesn’t have a woman in whom she can confide. Alys develops a distance from Ulysses because she is not comfortable discussing her sexuality with him and, therefore, must deal with her complex feelings on her own. Alys learns the difficult lesson that desire can exist when companionship does not. Alys’s first love is therefore complicated and imperfect, which is part of what makes the relationship so formative.
Ulysses remains repressed in love. He pines after the married Giulia and occasionally sleeps with Peggy or guests in his pensione, but a real relationship eludes him. Ulysses’s family is concerned about him feeling lonely; he is a person who puts others’ happiness ahead of his own, but it is unclear what prevents him from pursuing a long-term romantic relationship. Meanwhile, Cress learns the beauty and grief of true love. His six-year relationship with Paola gives him the kind of love he never imagined he would have, but when Paola suddenly dies, Cress also learns the pain that accompanies love. Unlike Ulysses, who avoids falling in love, Cress experiences multi-layered feelings. His character trajectory demonstrates that love, even when it involves loss, is worth the risk because it gives life meaning and hope. Notably, Cress again turns to trees. The symbol of trees is established in earlier chapters when Cress finds a source of companionship in a cherry blossom tree. Now, a citrus tree helps Cress move through the pain of his grief.
Death and life co-exist in this novel. Ulysses’s memories of Darnley, Cress’s loss of Paola, and even the metaphorical death of Peggy’s dreams are as important as the natural beauty of Italy and love. Peggy allows Ted to dictate her life, but the events of these chapters imply that there is still hope for Peggy. Once characterized by her strong attitude and exuberant personality, Peggy has been diminished by her controlling relationship. She continues to struggle with her guilt over not being a real mother to Alys, but her self-esteem is so low that she believes Alys is better off without her. Peggy’s life is like a metaphorical death because she is oppressed. Unlike the characters who have freed themselves and found happiness, Peggy has moved further away from happiness.
In contrast, Alys begins exploring independence as an adult when she returns to London at 17 to study art. She returns to Italy four years later, but this adventure helps Alys appreciate her life in Italy and gives her the distance she needs to uncover new layers of herself.
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