73 pages • 2 hours read
Gary ShteyngartA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Eunice shops obsessively. In a society in which Credit is the basis for exclusion, especially of nonwhite, non-Asian citizens who were not wealthy before America’s sink in power, shopping is nonetheless an obsession. Because of Lenny’s high credit ranking, he is an easy target for “the Debt Bombers” (205). Lenny does not care about clothing, but Eunice does; she helps him to see why clothing matters to her.
Lenny learns, after buying new clothing at the United Nations Retail Corridor, that he can “[pass] for a man” (210). Although his credit, which is his security, takes a hit, the intoxicating feeling of being more worthy of Eunice’s love is a feeling that merits the downgrade. The empowerment that clothing brings, and the way that it can obscure reality, gives a glimpse into Eunice’s mind: although she almost always occupies her time by looking at AssLuxury, a shopping sight on her äppärät, the endless pursuit of new clothing is also the endless pursuit of worthiness.
There is a culture that builds around clothing that creates its own language. Shopping with Eunice, Lenny notices that discussing clothes creates “intimacy” (208) between Eunice and the retail associate. Even with Grillbitch and Sally, clothing is a form of intimacy, and of shared interest, that connects people who are otherwise separated. Clothing is both a distraction and a tangible reality; it is both a way to pull away from serious issues at hand and a means of creating new lives and new relationships.
The äppärät symbolizes the data economy that has fully taken over Lenny Abramov’s world. Upon return to America, Lenny realizes that one cannot be seen without an äppärät; one cannot make oneself untraceable or unknowable. Beginning with the “innocent fat man dragged off” (53) his plane, the militant need to be known becomes a distinct part of the American authoritarian political world that Lenny enters. What is not part of the äppärät world, like books, are easily rejected for their tangible, smelly, unattractive, and aging qualities.
Although Lenny seems less savvy with his äppärät and must have his replaced with a newer model upon arrival home, he also uses it to his advantage. Upon return to America, he uses it to look “for clues on Eunice Park” (35). He sees into her past, her history: this is how he knows of her family abuse, which he assumes that he understands. Lenny is prey to the illusion that data is sufficient, while relationships continually show how much mystery still remains behind it.
The numerous betrayals, and potential betrayals, across the text underlie the apparent openness that the äppärät provides. Just like Onionskin jeans, which leave nothing to the imagination, the äppärät tries to give people a clear read of who stands where in society. Physical violence, betrayal, and hidden political maneuvers quickly destabilize this idea of security.
The motif of youth motivates the “creative economy” (179) that Joshie ardently sees in the future. The “technological elite” (179) will gain access to youth forever, which is the premise of Post-Human Services. Even before the Rupture, Joshie’s obsession, which Lenny joins onto, is with avoiding the death that he feared so early in life. This fear, it turns out, is common, and capitalizing on it seems to be a good business model.
Lenny recognizes that he fears “the old people” in his life because he fears “their mortality” (271). Children are “lovely and fresh” and “blind to mortality” (1), admirable because they do not need to think of how they are gradually dying. As one grows older, people become obsessed with death and dying. Lenny fears the fall because it signals decay.
Eunice is one of the youthful people who does not think about her own age but about others’ statuses. Unlike the workers at Post-Human Services, who obsessively track their bodily metrics, Eunice is more aware of whether or not she is fat and thinks often of how old other people are. Her disconnect from that mortal fear is part of the reason Lenny says, at the end of the text, that she does not believe in her own personal importance. Interest in unending youth, and fear of age, stem from a sense of personal importance: as it fades in Lenny, too, he lets go of his desire to be young. In the process, he remains healthy, while Joshie’s body malfunctions in its fight for youth.
Lenny loves his books. Although he sprays them with “Pine-Sol Wild Flower Blast” (50) out of fear that Eunice will judge them for their smell, Lenny also cares for them. He vows to “make [them] important again” (50) and to keep them forever; books are his most intimate friends. For this reason, Eunice’s work to save his books from his old apartment is perhaps her most intense expression of love to Lenny.
Visual art is also a vestige of a past culture, largely replaced by Media streaming. Joshie, once an artist himself, encourages Eunice to be confident in her art skills and to pursue them, although the overarching message of the text is that art is frivolous, outside of society. At the final company party that Lenny attends, which is also an art exhibition, Lenny is one of the only people who seems to look at the art. It is profound in society: where others “file another person’s extinction,” the artist had “purposely zoomed in on the living, or, to be more accurate, the forced-to-be living and the soon-to-be dead” (315). Art provokes a new, countercultural thought.
When Lenny reads Milan Kundera to Eunice, she grows frustrated because she struggles to understand it. But the challenge of the text, and the role of art in a vacuum of technology intended to simplify, is to think differently. In revitalizing the written text, and publishing his novel, Lenny presents something new to the post-Rupture, destabilized world. While he does not interfere in Joshie’s or Howard’s technologized systems, he takes his new views of youth and technology and reminds society of the continued relevance of the old.
By Gary Shteyngart