73 pages • 2 hours read
Gary ShteyngartA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The äppärät device, through which Eunice’s perspective is mediated, is the center of the post-literacy world in which she lives. It is a way to connect with others, but it is also a way to be reached by commercial interests. It offers a form of control, for those with the power to control or restrict use. The devices both project into the world and project its scenes elsewhere.
Noah’s and Amy’s media jobs surround the constant use of technology to communicate information and perceptions. Barraged with this information, one hears individual opinions unfiltered through any formal channel. Because äppäräti can register any information, they make it easy for one person to learn about another, to see even their darkest experiences. The invention of FACing makes a new “way to judge people” and to “let them judge you” (86) without ever speaking. Technology thus creates the experience of living, rather than just projecting or recreating it.
In this context, art and literature are not necessarily different technologies, just regressive technologies of mediating experiences and shaping the way people think about the world. During the Rupture, when äppäräti no longer work, Lenny and Eunice each develop a desperation for communication. As Eunice’s äppärät becomes a diary, a technology mimicking Lenny’s, it leads her to a new kind of self-awareness: rather than avoiding her identity by leading each conversation back to AssLuxury purchases, she faces it, sorts it out on her own, and decides what is important to her. Technologies of all forms then offer mediations and drawbacks of varying kinds.
Eunice and Grillbitch’s earliest conversations overflow with descriptions, often extreme, of sexual behavior. Even Lenny’s diary entries are graphic, desperate, and consumed with lust. The thirst for sex penetrates the society of FACing and ranking based on Attractiveness, Fuckability, Personality, and other features. Shteyngart imagines a society in which “pop-off sheer panties” and see-through jeans by companies named “TotalSurrender” are sold on websites called “AssLuxury” (44). Intense language often accompanies the sexuality that individuals seek.
Obsession with youth makes youthful appearance and attachment desirable. One major clothing website is called TeenyBoppers. Lenny is attracted to how extremely young Eunice looks, and that attraction becomes an obsession for Joshie, who encourages her to find a partner who matches her youth. Although young people seem promiscuous, they joke about virginity. Grillbitch jokes with Eunice, one day, after descriptions of her boyfriend’s penis: “See what a virgin I am? Ha ha” (43).
Graphic, even violent, sex is the norm. When Lenny first learns about FACing, one of the young women he is most attracted to has a “Child Abuse Multimedia” (89) piece that combines screaming with her naked body. A Media influencer publicly shares pornographic videos of his repeated, aggressive sexual encounters. Sex is an outward fact of life in this society, and Lenny’s gentle willingness to perform oral sex on Eunice repeatedly stands out as odd and countercultural by comparison.
Super Sad True Love Story begins with Lenny Abramov’s claim that he is “never going to die” (1). It ends with Lenny’s admission that he is “going to die” (302). While he experiences America destructed “so suddenly, spectacularly, irreversibly” (328), Lenny must constantly face the idea of mortality that those around him work passionately to escape. Submitting to death, at the end of the text, is his most countercultural act.
Lenny lives surrounded by people who are constantly dying. Although Lenny displays a bias against death from the outset, judging the “stench of death” (19) on the old sculptor who hits on Eunice in the first chapter, he also surrounds himself with it. His books also bear an antiquated smell, one that betrays him as part of a world already gone by. Although he halfheartedly plans to begin dechronification processes at Post-Human Services, he feels unsettled by Joshie once Joshie actually undergoes those procedures.
To Lenny, Eunice represents unending youth. For her part, Eunice does not actively fear death; instead, she often avoids it. Traveling to Tompkins Park awakens in Eunice an awareness of others’ lives and their fragility. Both Lenny and Eunice, in their ultimate connections to their families, envision life as beyond just their own mortality. As Grace seems to realize, and as Nettie Fine teaches Lenny, life is not only a cycle of “birth and death” but a cycle of history that connects families beyond the span of an individual life.
Eunice and Lenny both grew up in religious homes. Eunice’s family is profoundly shaped by Christianity, specifically Korean Christianity; Lenny’s family is shaped by Judaism, specifically Russian Judaism. The combination of culture and religion, in their families, produces specific approaches to hardship, enduring abuse, and resilience in the face of danger. All of these approaches both damage Eunice and Lenny and help to shape them into the adults that they become.
Eunice’s mother, Mrs. Park, believes that conversations with the family’s Korean pastor, Reverend Cho, will help her and her husband overcome their marital disputes. Eunice is not convinced that the approach to “pray together to GOD for guide us” and “THEN” (44) let her father hit is sufficient to ensure the family’s safety. At the same time, the hope for change and redemption that this Christian background affords, combined with a strong cultural belief in the value of the family, lead Eunice to take her family seriously even when she wants to disconnect from their problems.
Whenever conflict rises in Lenny’s life, he leans on the innate “Russianness, ugliness, Jewishness” (243) within him to persevere. Lenny has “that ancient Jewish affliction for words” (218), “sickening Jewish worry” (162), and “Jewish feelings of terror and injustice” (48) all shaping his personality and reaction to the world. The sense of connection to a long history helps Lenny both to find inspiration and to feel connected to his father despite past cruelty. In this way, faith and culture work together to cement heritage bonds for both primary characters, whether or not they actively believe in or know of the home tradition as citizens.
By Gary Shteyngart