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58 pages 1 hour read

Cormac McCarthy

The Crossing

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1994

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Part 1, Pages 3-64Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Pages 3-24 Summary

The Parham family moves to Hidalgo County in New Mexico in the years before World War II. One night in their first year in their home, protagonist Billy Parham heads out alone to track wolves as they hunt antelope. Years later, Billy, now 16, gathers wood with his 14-year-old brother Boyd. They encounter an Indigenous man who chides them for scaring animals away. He demands they feed him, and Billy agrees to bring some food to a spot the Indigenous man indicates.

When the boys bring the man food that night, he asks questions about their belongings and demands they give him rifle shells to trade, but they refuse. Billy agrees to bring him coffee, and the boys depart, leaving a cup with the Indigenous man. Billy admits to Boyd that they won’t be returning with anything.

In the morning, Billy rides out on his horse Bird to the man’s camp and finds him gone. Billy’s father returns home and reveals that there’s a female wolf loose on their land. He believes it came from Mexico, and he tells Billy they need to catch it.

Billy, Boyd, and their father ride out to the SK Bar ranch, where their neighbor Sanders lets them into a cabin on his land that a hunter, Echols, used to live in. There they find a putrid-smelling vial of bait and eight large wolf traps. That night, Boyd wakes to find Billy staring out the window into the darkness.

The next day, Billy and his father ride out to set the traps, stopping first to see a dead calf the wolf has killed. Billy’s father teaches him how to set the traps, and they work through the day, arriving home after nightfall.

Part 1, Pages 24-49 Summary

The narrative shifts to the perspective of the she-wolf, who has traveled from Sonora after her mate bit her, “standing with one forefoot in the jaws of a steeltrap and snarling at her to drive her off […]” (24). She is pregnant, starving, and alone, and she knows that she cannot stay in one place for long. Drawn by the scent of another wolf, she finds the traps and digs one out from where it’s been buried.

Billy and his father find the traps and reset them, but the wolf keeps digging them up again. They go to the SK Bar and borrow more traps, which Boyd prepares the next morning. Billy offers to convince their father to let Boyd come along, but when their father invites him, Boyd refuses until Billy forces him to accept. They hide the traps and end up snaring a cow, who escapes. The next day, Billy and Boyd ride out to find the cow. When they do, Boyd rides after it and lassos it, but the cow bolts, causing Boyd to be thrown from his horse as his saddle slips off and is dragged by the cow until it’s destroyed beyond repair.

Billy sets the trap lines alone, and when it snows overnight, he tells his father he’s going to see where the wolf has been. His father gives him his rifle, and Billy rides out into the new-looking snowy mountains. He follows wolf tracks to where the wolf chased some cattle and brought down a young heifer. After stopping to study what the wolf has eaten, he continues following her tracks all day and arrives home after dark. He and his father intend to run trap lines on Saturday and Sunday, but his mother insists they observe the Sabbath. That night, Boyd admits he's had a recurring dream of a dry lakebed on fire with people burning in it. He insists something bad is going to happen.

The trapping continues, to no avail. Billy and Boyd ride out (with Billy in a new saddle and Boyd using Billy’s hand-me-down) and find a large dead heifer. Billy suggests they do not tell their father. Billy revisits Echols’s cabin, then rides out to Animas, where he visits an old man, Don Arnulfo. A woman hesitates to let Billy in, as Arnulfo is sick. She relents, and Billy asks Arnulfo about trapping wolves.

Arnulfo speaks to Billy in Spanish. When Billy admits he is from La Charca and Arnulfo doesn’t know him, the man says “Hay una historia allá […] Una historia desgraciada” (there’s a story out there [...] A disgraceful story, 44). Billy asks Arnulfo about Echols’s scent mixture for bait. Arnulfo insists that all the wolves are gone, then speaks philosophically of wolves in Spanish. He says wolves are hunters who understand death better than men do, and that Billy’s desire to catch the wolf is foolish, because “If you catch it you lose it. And where it goes there is no coming back from” (46). As Billy leaves, Arnulfo tells him he will find the wolf in a place where “[…] God sits and conspires in the destruction of that which he has been at such pains to create” (47).

The woman tells Billy that Arnulfo is losing his memory and was accused of witchcraft. She warns him that Arnulfo is an old, distant relation of hers, that no one cares for him except for her, and that the same could happen to Billy.

Part 1, Pages 49-63 Summary

After more failed trapping, Billy finds evidence that the wolf dug up a vaqueros’ campfire. He sets a trap in the remains of their fire, leaving them a warning note. At home, his father chides him for arriving late, then tells him he must remove the trap first thing in the morning, as the vaqueros likely can’t read.

In the morning, Billy rides out to the campsite where “the wolf [stands] up to meet him” (53). Her leg, though unbroken, is snared by the trap and exposed to the bone. The wolf regards him warily, and Billy debates what to do. Finally, he lassos the wolf, and manages to tie her, muzzle her with a stick, and free her from the trap. His horse runs off during the dangerous work. The wolf struggles to escape but tires, and Billy tells her “It aint no use to fight it” (57).

As Billy tries to recover his horse, a man in a Model A truck rides up, and Billy pins the wolf down to keep her from struggling. Billy tells the shocked man that he intends to take the wolf home to Mexico. The man hesitantly helps Billy recover his horse before driving off. Billy pins the wolf down and gives her water through the makeshift muzzle, then rides for an hour with the wolf trailing slowly behind. Billy reaches a crossroads: To the north is Cloverdale, where he might turn the wolf in for a bounty and return home. To the south is the open country and the mountains of Mexico. Billy rides rides south.

Part 1, Pages 3-64 Analysis

The novel begins by positioning the Parham family as arriving just after the establishment of government in Hidalgo, New Mexico, implying that the land was only recently absolute wilderness. This establishes The End of Frontier Life as a theme that will grow over the course of the novel. The Parham family lead a simple ranching life undergirded by an unspoken morality: Billy and Boyd’s mother makes them keep the Sabbath, and their father shows immediate concern for the vaqueros camping near his land, even if they are not entirely welcome. The interactions that the Parhams have with their neighbors demonstrate a close-knit community that have worked together to tame the land and survive.

Billy’s allegiance to the mission of civilizing the Animas Valley is immediately suspect: The opening scene shows him as sneaking out as a boy to track wolves, and when he finally captures the she-wolf as an adolescent, something unspoken causes him to break from his family and defy expectations. He’s drawn to a vision of the world that predates Hidalgo County. The project of hunters like Echols and Don Arnulfo was to make the land safe for ranchers by driving wolves out of the valley, and Don Arnulfo is the first of many to caution Billy against defying the imposed order of humankind. His warning that catching a wolf is impossible is an attempt to teach Billy that there’s an incompatibility between the two species, suggesting that humankind’s primary mode is to destroy and tame nature. The woman caring for Don Arnulfo further warns Billy to stay connected to humanity. In his naïveté, Billy ignores these warnings and forges his own path with the wolf.

Though Hidalgo is relatively settled, with the wilderness and violence pushed deliberately into the pas—event the hunter Echols is long gone and presumed dead—there’s still evident Tension Between Cultures on the Borderlands. The Indigenous man that Billy and Boyd encounter makes implicit threats toward the family and their possessions and argues that the boys owe him restitution for scaring off the animals, his source of sustenance. This dynamic is a microcosm of the broader history of injustice against Indigenous communities in New Mexico and across America. The boys view the Indigenous man with suspicion, taking the colonialist view that their occupation of this land is not connected to the injustices that preceded them. At the same time, the Indigenous man’s subtle threat is presented as something the boys don’t have power to affect or change, and McCarthy portrays the violence that results in Part 2 as an inevitable outcome.

The opening pages also establishes Billy and Boyd’s relationship, which is typical dynamic for teenage boys who are asked to be active participants in the family’s livelihood: Billy has earned the trust of his father, while Boyd is the younger brother who feels his failings keenly, such as when he inadvertently destroys his saddle trying to control an injured cow. For Billy, hunting the wolf is a moment of opportunity to strike out independently on the path to adulthood, marking the beginning of his coming-of-age. He watches his father set traps “Like a man bent at fixing himself someway in the world” (22), which is what Billy longs to do. In order to do so, he must leave his brother behind. This first abandonment, coupled with the tragedies to come, begins the contentious, fractured nature of their relationship, as resentment builds between them.

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