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67 pages 2 hours read

R. F. Kuang

The Poppy War

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2018

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Part 1, Chapters 6-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Winter settles on Sinegard and Jiang still never shows up for class, although “[s]tudents occasionally [spot] him around campus doing inexcusably rude things” (105). Rin alone continues to go to the garden to practice ancient combat. One day, Jiang enters the garden while she is practicing a balancing posture on a tree branch. He recognizes her combat book and asks her to demonstrate a form. He seems amused by Rin’s thievery and by how much she annoys Jun. He offers to help her.

When she tells a group of older students about her lessons, Rin is flooded with colorful stories about Jiang, most notably that he used to belong to the Cike: a dishonorable militia division that carries out Daji’s assassinations. Raban says that nobody pledges as Jiang’s apprentice because “Lore is a bloody joke” (112). Only Altan tried to pledge Lore, but Raban says Jiang refused him.

Rin meets Jiang the next day. He takes Rin to Widow Maung, who brings her a piglet. To build up muscle, Jiang says, Rin must carry the pig up and down a nearby mountain every day. For the next four months, Rin carries the growing pig up the mountain in the morning, attends class, then meets Jiang in the garden. While Jun’s teaching is simplified and optimized for mass instruction, Jiang’s is messy and unpredictable but effective. He explains the lore and ideology behind various styles of martial arts before they were watered down into teachable military forms. After her last day carrying the pig, Jiang takes a harder swing at Rin than ever before. The force of her ki shatters the stone beneath her. Jiang is ecstatic and tells Rin to pledge Lore rather than Strategy. He tells Rin, “I can teach you more than ki manipulation. I can show you the pathway to the gods. I can make you a shaman” (129). Thinking of her future career, Rin disappoints him by saying that she just wants to “learn to be a good soldier” (130).

Part 1, Chapter 7 Summary

Jiang stops coming to Lore class and avoids Rin. She regrets their estrangement but is preoccupied by the impending Trials, particularly Jun’s two-day Combat Tournament. She knows Irjah’s apprentice bid depends on her performance in Jun’s Tournament. She continues to go to the Lore Garden to practice combat. One day, she comes across Altan practicing with a three-pronged trident. Altan knows that Rin practiced with Jiang. After tripping over her words, Rin excuses herself, embarrassed.

The next section begins in the middle of Rin’s Trial. She aces Irjah’s exam. She gives her true opinion on Speer in Yim’s exam. Jiang asks a question he’d never mentioned in training: “Who is imprisoned in Chuluu Korikh?” (141). Rin, at a loss, guesses: “Unnatural criminals [...] who have committed unnatural crimes” (142). In Jun’s Tournament, Rin and Nezha each tear through their opponents, until they are set to face off in the finals.

Raban tells Rin to surrender. Nezha is fighting dirty, and one of his previous opponents is permanently unable to walk. Rin refuses, wanting revenge for his treatment of her all year. Rin and Nezha’s fight draws out. Nezha hits her repeatedly, causing Rin to burn with rage. She pins him; when the referee calls for a break, Rin is reeling and feverish, burning with an irrational desire to disintegrate everything around her. She finds Jiang in the Lore Garden and begs for help. He utters a strange language over Rin and touches her with an icy hand. She faints.

When she wakes, Rin feels normal. Jiang is at her bedside. Rin begs him to keep helping her. Jiang compares her to Altan: “You’re too reckless. You hold grudges, you cultivate your rage and let it explode, and you’re careless about what you’re taught” (155). He reveals that he didn’t reject Altan; Daji hadn’t let Jiang teach him. She’d wanted another Speerly warrior and had given Altan to Irjah so he could hone “his rage like a weapon, instead of teaching him to control it” (156). Since Daji doesn’t know about Rin, Jiang agrees to take her on. Rin gets bids from Strategy and Lore, and she pledges Lore.

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

The students get four days off for the Summer Festival. Kitay invites Rin to stay at his estate. They ride to Kitay’s house in the Jade District in a horse-drawn carriage, and Rin experiences an upper-class lifestyle for the first time. They watch a shadow puppet show retelling the Trifecta’s actions in the Second Poppy War. Forty-five years ago, three children were orphaned by the Federation’s raids. They walked to the peak of Mount Tianshan, where the gods reside: one pledged to the Dragon Lord and became the Warrior with massive strength; another pledged to the Snail Goddess and became the Vipress with bewitching powers; the last pledged to the Great Tortoise and became the Gatekeeper, who could unlock and command the menagerie of the gods. The three gathered Nikan’s Twelve Warlords. The Vipress poisoned them and the Warrior, later called the Dragon Emperor, compelled them to submit and pay homage to him, thus uniting the country.

Kitay is disgusted by the “Nikara politics” in the story. He says that the Federation overtook Nikan because of the Warlords’ infighting; his father, Daji’s advisor, thinks the same thing is happening again. Rin believes the Trifecta were shamans, but Kitay doesn’t think the theory is credible. Rin insists that strange powers exist; she is aware of the gaps in their understanding about the world.

The festival culminates in a parade featuring giant puppets and a procession of noble families. Rin watches the Phoenix puppet with great interest. She and Kitay notice that Nezha’s father, the Dragon Warlord, is absent from the rest of the statuesque House of Yin. Rin sees Daji for the first time and is mesmerized: “She would have torn apart kingdoms for this woman. […] This was her ruler. This was whom she was meant to serve” (180).

Part 1, Chapter 9 Summary

After the Festival, Rin returns to school for her second year at the Academy. Jiang reveals that during her fight she accidentally called a god. He gradually reconfigures Rin’s perception of what “real” is: Jiang can do things no ordinary human can, like call up a gale or make shadows “twist and screech” (185). He often sends her on cryptic missions to the library, with guiding questions such as “why do we have gods?” (186). He asks her to craft connections between disciplines rather than separate them like the rest of the school does.

The next spring, Jiang takes Rin up a mountain for a lesson on “plants,” which turn out to be psychedelics. He says that while opium and heroin are highly destructive to the mind and body, poppy seeds allow shamans to alter their consciousness and commune with the gods. Rin believes they can spread the word about the truth of shamanism, but Jiang enters a melancholy mood: “[Lore] is a joke […] I have searched for years for an apprentice, and only you have ever understood the truth of the world” (197). Over the next weeks, Rin grows frustrated that Jiang won’t give her psychedelics. He says that despite her aptitude for Lore, she is careless. He had four previous Lore students become irrational after accessing the gods’ Pantheon.

Toward the end of their second year, tension with the Federation escalates and Rin’s cohort begins to fracture along “provincial and political lines” (204). Though the Federation’s Emperor Ryohai has not declared formal war, students depart to their home provinces to fight. Jiang avoids all questions about Mugen, saying he doesn’t remember his role in the Second Poppy War.

At the end of the school year, Jiang sends Rin to a nearby mountain to meditate for “as long as it takes” (207). She meditates for weeks until her “consciousness had expanded to encompass the totality of life on the planet” (209). She sees a Speerly woman who warns Rin not to take the power the Phoenix will offer her. Jiang is thrilled by her enlightenment. Rin doesn’t tell him about the Speerly woman or the Phoenix.

Part 1, Chapters 6-9 Analysis

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While Chapters 1 to 5 built up historical and contemporary Nikan using Chinese history, Chapters 6 to 9 introduce supernatural elements based on Chinese mythology—though as Jiang says, “[s]upernatural is a word for anything that doesn’t fit your present understanding of the world” (185). They introduce the intertwined symbols of Fire and the Phoenix. Kuang has said that the mythology of her book is a “syncretic mix of Taoism, (a little bit of) Buddhism, ancient Chinese divination methods, and cultures like the Neolithic Hongshan culture” (Kuang, R. F. “R. F. Kuang on the Dark History Behind The Poppy War.” B&N Reads. 29 June 2018). One inspiration is the 16th-century novel The Investiture of the Gods, from which Kuang draws many of her characters. The Poppy War’s Empress Su Daji is inspired by the bewitching spirit Daji, while Master Jiang Ziya is based on the white-haired advisor who shares his name. The snail goddess Nüwa—the mother goddess in Chinese mythology—appears in both The Investiture of the Gods and the shadow puppet performance in Chapter 8.

Most Sinegard students become experts in one isolated field, but Jiang teaches Rin about interconnectedness. Martial arts are connected to their cultural history, and they are rich with stories that, though forgotten, have shaped Nikan’s present-day battle techniques. Jiang teaches Rin how their history, religion, and martial arts have been “watered down, distilled, and packaged for convenience” to build the Nikara Empire (196):

The creation of empire requires conformity and uniform obedience. It requires teaching that can be mass-produced across the entire country. The Militia is a bureaucratic entity that is purely interested in results. What I teach is impossible to duplicate to a class of fifty, much less a division of thousands. The Militia is composed almost entirely of people like Jun, who think that things matter only if they are getting results immediately, results that can be duplicated and reused. But shamanism is and always has been an imprecise art. How could it be anything else? It is about the most fundamental truths about each and every one of us, how we relate to the phenomenon of existence. Of course it is imprecise. If we understood it completely, then we would be gods (195-96).

What Rin knows as objective reality is a veil that obscures the true nature of gods; psychedelic drugs serve as a medium to help shamans access that interconnected world. This plot point resurfaces later, in conjunction with the theme of Addiction as a Tool of Control. For now, Jiang advocates for a version of shamanism that is customized and de-militarized. Rin, who hungers for power, wants to quickly acquire overwhelming might. Since she “still ha[s] too much to learn from Jiang” (215), Rin demonstrates the same manipulative tactics she used against Auntie Fang and Tutor Feyrik. She withholds key information from him about seeing the Speerly Woman and the Phoenix, which foreshadows Rin’s discovery that she is Speerly in Chapter 12.

Outside of Jiang’s lessons, Rin grows to understand The Brutality of War and the Dehumanization of the Enemy and The Influence of Stories on Social Structures. She challenges the history that most Nikara learn in childhood. In her Trial, Rin insists that Nikan strategically sacrificed Speer to the Federation because the Nikara, who dehumanized and colonized Speerlies, viewed Speer as an acceptable loss. Though it is widely accepted that Hesperia’s intervention brought Nikan to victory, stories of the Speerly Massacre help the Nikara demonize the Mugenese. Shifting responsibility to Nikan calls Nikan’s integrity, social structures, and brutality into question. Additionally, Rin notes that “Nikan had simply ridden the foreigners’ coattails to a victory treaty” (140), referring to Hesperia; this calls to mind the aid given by the United States and Allied Forces to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In war, the truth is nuanced and moralities are less clear.

Rin’s skepticism about the stories that emphasize Nikan’s fortitude turns out to be founded. When a brawl breaks out between Mugenese traders and Nikara laborers, Irjah is summoned to Daji’s diplomatic party and Strategy is canceled. This breaks the illusion that Sinegard Academy is an educational haven, which is a classic trope for elite academies in the high fantasy genre. Kuang’s academy is not isolated from the country’s conflicts, but fully immersed into them. The teachers at Sinegard are military veterans. The students at Sinegard are children of Warlords and military diplomats. The conflict between Warlords is replicated in miniature by their children, as certain provinces feel the material effects of the Federation’s escalation. This tension sets up the full-scale deterioration of the Academy in Chapter 11.

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