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Graham GreeneA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
After recuperating in a hospital, Fowler returns to his apartment. Phuong helps him inside as he has lost his key. He reads a telegram from his employer telling him that he has a new assignment. He then reads a letter from Helen, in which she describes his tendency to fall in love with women and then abandon them. She criticizes Fowler’s emotional manipulation and asks whether—if she grants him a divorce—he would actually marry Phuong. Helen’s words make Fowler feel “physically sick” (153). He can tell that he has hurt her, and when Phuong asks him what the letter says, he lies. He tells her that Helen has not yet decided about the divorce. Fowler reflects on his ability to emotionally disengage with the world. This has helped him as a war reporter but not in the conflict with the women in his life. As he reads on, he confirms that Helen has denied him the divorce. Fowler does not read the final page of the letter and reiterates to Phuong that Helen is still considering it.
Phuong tries to cheer him up. She adopts an optimistic tone and then prepares his opium pipe. He smokes the opium and lies to her again, telling her that Helen is seeking legal advice in preparation for a divorce. Phuong leaves briefly to buy a set of silk scarves. Later, Fowler writes to Pyle to say that Helen has “more or less agreed” to a divorce (156). He tells Pyle to stop worrying about Phuong, as he will now take care of her. Fowler asks Phuong to mail the letter. He is pleased that she will stay with him while he is in Vietnam.
As Fowler returns to his regular routine, he visits his assistant, Dominguez, in the hospital. Dominguez is sick, but he passes along a tip concerning a Chinese man named Mr. Chou, who may have a story for Fowler. He gives few details save for the address of a warehouse in Cholon. Dominguez also mentions that he witnessed Pyle delivering a briefing to “visiting congressmen” from America. He overheard Pyle describe the need for a Third Force, which he titled “national democracy.”
Fowler visits Chou’s warehouse. He tries to communicate with the family inside but faces a language barrier. Eventually, a thin Chinese man arrives, and Fowler tries to introduce himself. The thin man is replaced by a younger man in Western clothing who says that he is Mr. Heng, Chou’s manager. He invites Fowler to talk in the warehouse, claiming that Chou has a poor memory. There, Heng shows Fowler a set of iron drums with an “American trade name,” which were found in the possession of Mr. Muoi (167), who has been linked to General Thé. He hints at a “kind of connection” between American manufacturing, General Thé, and Pyle (168). Fowler, remembering that Britain is politically neutral in this war, adopts a nonplussed demeanor. Heng, revealing himself to have communist sympathies, wants Fowler to publish a story suggesting that American plastics are being secretly supplied to one side of the conflict.
Later, Fowler is awoken by Pyle hammering on his front door. He has Phuong at his side. Inside, Pyle disputes Fowler’s “pack of lies” (171). He knows that Fowler has been denied a divorce by Helen, that Fowler lied to Phuong, and that Fowler’s employers have recalled him to England. Claiming that he is aggrieved on Phuong‘s behalf, Pyle tells Fowler that he must end his relationship with her. As Phuong quietly looks through “a pictorial record of the queen’s life“ (173), Fowler seethes at the simplistic Pyle but realizes that neither of them truly knows Phuong. He tells Pyle that he should try to pursue a romance with Phuong but hints that he knows about his clandestine plastic manufacturing. Pyle feigns ignorance. He insists that he will treat Phuong with respect. Fowler suggests that they let Phuong decide who she wants to be with, though Pyle dismisses this, saying she is too “childish” to make her own decision. Fowler tells Pyle to leave. Pyle tries to tell Phuong that Fowler has been disloyal to her, but she cannot understand his English.
The narrative explores Fowler’s marriage to Helen solely through their written communications, representing the distance between the two spouses. Fowler’s reluctance to delve into his memories of Helen the way he does with his memories of Pyle points to her important literary function in the novel: Helen acts as Fowler’s conscience. Through her letter, she reminds him of his mistakes and the damage that he has caused. The Fowler who lives in Vietnam presents himself as a remote and detached figure. He is physically removed from the damage he has done to a string of women in his past, allowing him to reinvent himself in a new country. While the residents of Vietnam only know Fowler through his current incarnation, he cannot escape Helen. He is beholden to her in a bureaucratic sense, dependent on her to provide him with a divorce. However, that divorce will only confirm her theory that he abandons everyone. Fowler cannot escape her criticisms because they are his own worst fears about himself. She knows his true self better than anyone and, through her letters, she forces Fowler into a state of self-recollection that he finds uncomfortable. She criticizes from afar and launches emotional invectives against the most vulnerable parts of Fowler’s self-identity. Fowler’s reaction to the letter reveals that his cynicism is not as high-minded as he would like to believe; rather, he uses it as a way to avoid confronting his own actions and experiences.
As Fowler begins to learn of the true role that Pyle is playing in Vietnam, he learns that the American’s naivety and idealism have serious consequences. He is not just an inexperienced young cultural attaché. As Joe confirms to Fowler, Pyle is entrusted with extra duties that go beyond the expected. The United States is not interested in a French victory; they fear the rise of the communist Viet Minh, so Pyle has been sent as an intelligence agent to influence the course of the war. He believes that he can help to create a meaningful alternative in Vietnam, and he plans to do so with mass production. These chapters provide the first hints that Pyle is providing General Thé’s people with plastic molds, which will allow them to mass-produce bombs that look like bicycle pumps. These pumps can then be used in terrorist attacks to further the American political agenda. The pairing of violence and mass production is a suitable metaphor for post-World War II American economic and military policy, which focused on aggressively promoting a capitalist economic model. Now, fighting the communists and the old European colonialists, the quiet American uses mass plastic manufacture to secure his ideological goals.
As well as interfering in the Vietnamese political situation, Pyle is more overtly interfering in Fowler’s personal life. Pyle is becoming increasingly confident and flagrant. He is not concerned about admitting that he has read Fowler’s communications, nor is he worried about undermining Fowler’s relationship. Pyle operates based on “the best man wins” (98), but Chapter 3 illustrates how he ensures that he has the advantage to secure his victory. Whether he is providing General Thé with plastic molding kits or reading Fowler’s mail, Pyle is working to secure what he wants in an increasingly forthright manner. The shy, naive young man who first arrived in Vietnam has been hardened by his experiences and has learned what he will need to do—and whom he must betray—to get what he wants. Pyle may believe in the theory that the best man may win, but he operates in such a way to ensure that he has more advantages than any other man. He learns this cynical attitude, ironically, from Fowler. These chapters also reiterate Pyle’s Orientalist infatuation with Phuong, as he simultaneously sexualizes and infantilizes her, saying she is too “childlike” to choose between the two men. As such, these chapters continue developing the theme of Colonialism and Orientalism.
By Graham Greene
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