32 pages • 1 hour read
Raymond CarverA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
A recurring motif is light and dark. The story starts during daylight, when “the afternoon sun was like a presence in this room, the spacious light of ease and generosity” (131). There is a feeling of hope and optimism as the four friends struggle with The Inability to Define Love and bring up different examples to explain their definitions.
The light subtly changes as the subject matter gets deeper and tensions start to grow between the characters. Laura finds it difficult to light her cigarette as her matches keep going out. At the same time, Nick notices a change in the natural environment: “The sunshine inside the room was different now, changing, getting thinner. But the leaves outside the window were still shimmering, and I stared at the pattern they made on the panes and on the Formica counter. They weren’t the same patterns, of course” (136). Nick describes this moment as transforming the place into something “enchanted” with them as “children who had agreed on something forbidden” (131). Yet this epiphany never reaches its full potential. The characters are not just struggling with defining the concept of love. They are also experiencing a more existential concern with the meaning of their own lives and of life in general: Who are we if we can’t love or connect with one another?
In the final section, the sunlight dissipates: “The light was draining out of the room, going back through the window where it had come from” (137). The characters have lost focus in their lives, and no one makes a move to turn on the overhead light. They are left literally and metaphorically in the dark, no nearer to understanding what love means than they were at the beginning of the story. In this way, the fading sunlight provides a commonality that binds everyone together, regardless of their different views.
Mel’s choice of profession is significant. As a cardiologist, he should understand the human heart more than most, but he describes himself as a “mechanic” who physically mends the heart. Human emotions remain as much a mystery to him as to others without his medical training. He makes a telling linguistic slip when he imagines himself as a medieval knight and confuses the word “vassal” (a servant in a feudal society who is in service to their “superior”) and the word “vessel” (a blood vessel). Even in his romantic fantasies, Mel is still a doctor who thinks of the heart as a machine.
Much of the narrative comprises Mel’s retelling of a road traffic incident he attended, which ends with an elderly couple being encased in plaster casts. He believes the husband to be depressed because of the accident. However, he learns that the man’s “heart was breaking” (137) because he couldn’t move his head to see his wife. To Mel, this shows true love, one that is based not on physical looks or touch, but on a more spiritual connection. At the same time, his comments break down in confusion as he subconsciously realizes that he can’t properly explain what love is.
In the end, Nick can hear his own heart beating along with everyone else’s. He describes their heartbeats as “human noise,” providing a connection between the characters that goes beyond words and binds them together as human beings.
Carver was a heavy drinker, as were other American novelists and short story writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Cheever, and Ernest Hemingway. Like Carver, these writers used alcohol as a motif to express their characters’ desire to escape from reality or as a way of symbolizing a malaise at the core of modern-day society. Olivia Laing explores these authors’ use of alcohol in the 2017 book The Trip to Echo Springs: On Writers and Drinking. In Carver’s story, gin is a motif that thematically develops The Inability to Define Love and shows how Talking About Love Is Ineffectual. Nick, Laura, Mel, and Terri spend the afternoon drinking their way through two bottles of gin. Their growing inebriation mirrors their inability to define love and to understand one another. Eventually, their conversation falls apart as the last drop is drained from the bottle. They are left sitting in silence and in the literal and metaphorical darkness.
Initially, drinking together is a symbol of unity, allowing friends to share a pleasant afternoon together. Terri quickly upends pleasantries when she graphically details her ex-partner’s abuse. In tandem, Mel’s gory description of a road traffic incident turns the mood from playful to somber. The conversation is ritualistically punctuated by the fetching, pouring, and sipping of drinks. The characters make various toasts to love, even though none of them can define what it means: “We raised our glasses again and grinned at each other like children who had agreed on something forbidden” (131). It is as if they are play-acting at being in an adult world that they don’t understand. The consumption of alcohol allows the characters to loosen their grasp on reality and forget and/or not care. Nick talks about the room becoming enchanted and the four of them as children, almost as if he wants to escape back into a simpler, more innocent time. Similarly, Mel fantasies about being a medieval knight who follows the chivalric code and jousts for a lady’s favors.
As the day wears on, the confusion over the meaning of love intertwines with their befuddled, alcohol-induced states. Mel studies the label on the gin bottle “as if studying a long row of numbers” (135), and Nick finds it hard to keep things in focus. All except Nick want to find some food to eat, with Laura in particular saying that she’s never been so hungry. However, Mel decrees that they can’t leave the discussion until the second bottle is emptied. When no alcohol remains, the characters are still unsure of how to proceed: “Now what?” (138). No one replies to Terri, and the characters are left alone with their thoughts, isolated from one another.
The four characters are in a state of inertia, which Mel’s kitchen symbolizes. Despite expressing their hunger and the desire to go to a nearby restaurant, the couples stay in the single setting of Mel’s kitchen. Additionally, the only movement occurs when Mel gets up to grab another bottle of gin. Similarly, Mel and Terri are stuck in the past, unable to leave their previous relationships behind. Mel, who once loved his former wife and now hates her, has visions of destroying her. Although she has known Mel for five years in total, Terri still looks back at her previous relationship with something approaching affection, even given that it was violent. Their current partnership is affected by this inability to move forward together. The story’s denouement, which concludes with the characters silently at the table, reinforces their stagnation.
By Raymond Carver